The Impact of Militia Actions on Public Security Policies in Rio de Janeiro ( http://www.tni.org/briefing/impact-militia-actions-public-security-policies-rio-de-janeiro-pdf

Paulo Jorge Ribeiro and Rosane Oliveira look at a recent phenomenon in the recurrent episodes of extreme urban violence in Rio de Janeiro: the rise of militias – well-organised private vigilante groups made up of rogue, dismissed or retired police officers, firemen and prison guards. The study describes a worrying scenario in the informal urban settlements that may be particular to Rio, but also represent developments in urban security that spread far beyond Brazil.